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Communal violence in India includes acts of violence by followers of one religious group against followers and institutions of another religious group, often in the form of rioting.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Census of India: Population by religious communities )〕 Religious violence in India, especially in recent times, has generally involved Hindus and Muslims,〔(A) Violette Graff and Juliette Galonnier (2013), (Hindu-Muslim Communal Riots in India II (1986-2011) ) Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, SciencesPo, Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, France; (B) Violette Graff and Juliette Galonnier (2013), (Hindu-Muslim Communal Riots in India I (1947-1986) ) Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, SciencesPo, Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, France〕 although incidents of violence have also involved Christians, Jews, and Sikhs. There is also history of Muslim – Parsee riots (List of riots in Mumbai). Despite the secular and religiously tolerant constitution of India, broad religious representation in various aspects of society including the government, the active role played by autonomous bodies such as National Human Rights Commission of India and National Commission for Minorities, and the ground-level work being out by Non-governmental organisations, sporadic and sometimes serious acts of religious violence tend to occur as the root causes of religious violence often run deep in history, religious activities, and politics of India.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A new breed of missionary )〕 Along with domestic organisations, international human rights organisations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch publish reports on acts of religious violence in India. Over 2005 to 2009 period, an average of 130 people died every year from communal violence, or about 0.01 deaths per 100,000 population. The state of Maharashtra reported the highest total number of religious violence related fatalities over that 5-year period, while Madhya Pradesh experienced the highest fatality rate per year per 100,000 population between 2005 and 2009.〔 Over 2012, a total of 97 people died across India from various riots related to religious violence.〔 The world's average annual death rate from intentional violence, in recent years, has been 7.9 per 100,000 people.〔 ==Ancient India== Ancient texts ''Ashokavadana'' and the ''Divyavadana'' mention a non-Buddhist in Pundravardhana drew a picture showing the Buddha bowing at the feet of Nirgrantha Jnatiputra (identified with Mahavira, the founder of Jainism). On complaint from a Buddhist devotee, Ashoka, an emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, issued an order to arrest him, and subsequently, another order to kill all the Ajivikas in Pundravardhana. Around 18,000 followers of the Ajivika sect were executed as a result of this order. Sometime later, another Nirgrantha follower in Pataliputra drew a similar picture. Ashoka burnt him and his entire family alive in their house. He also announced an award of one dinara (silver coin) to anyone who brought him the head of a Nirgrantha heretic. According to ''Ashokavadana'', as a result of this order, his own brother, Vitashoka, was mistaken for a heretic and killed by a cowherd. Their ministers advised that "this is an example of the suffering that is being inflicted even on those who are free from desire" and that he "should guarantee the security of all beings". After this, Ashoka stopped giving orders for executions.〔 According to K.T.S. Sarao and Benimadhab Barua, stories of persecutions of rival sects by Ashoka appear to be a clear fabrication arising out of sectarian propaganda. The ''Divyavadana'' (divine stories), an anthology of Buddhist mythical tales on morals and ethics, many using talking birds and animals, was written in about 2nd century AD. In one of the stories, the razing of ''stupas'' and ''viharas'' is mentioned with Pushyamitra. This has been historically mapped to the reign of King Pushyamitra of the Shunga Empire about 400 years before Divyavadana was written. Archeological remains of stupas have been found in Deorkothar that suggest deliberate destruction, conjectured to be one mentioned in Divyavadana about Pushyamitra. The existence of religious violence between Hinduism and Buddhism, in ancient India, has been disputed.〔Akira Hirakawa, Paul Groner, ''A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayan'', Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1996, ISBN 81-208-0955-6, p. 223〕 It is unclear when the Deorkothar stupas were destroyed, and by whom. The fictional tales of Divyavadana is considered by scholars〔 as being of doubtful value as a historical record. Moriz Winternitz, for example, stated, "these legends (the Divyāvadāna ) scarcely contain anything of much historical value".〔Andy Rotman (Translator), Paul Harrison et al (Editors), Divine Stories - The Divyāvadāna Part 1, Wisdom Publications, Boston, ISBN 0-86171-295-1, Introduction, (Preview summary of book )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Religious violence in India」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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